Gynecological Oncology

What is the Department of Gynecological Oncology (Female Reproductive System Cancers)?

Gynecologic Oncology is a branch of medicine that covers the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cancers seen in the female reproductive organs. This department is at the intersection of gynecology and oncology and is of critical importance for women's health.

About the Gynecological Oncology Department

The Gynecologic Oncology department specializes in the early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cancers that occur in the female reproductive system. This department manages cancers that develop in the female reproductive organs such as the uterus, cervix, ovary, vagina and vulva. Gynecologic Oncology requires a multidisciplinary approach and includes various treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1.3 million women worldwide are diagnosed with gynecological cancer each year. Early diagnosis and treatment of these cancers significantly increases patients' life expectancy and quality of life.

Who is a Gynecological Oncologist and What Are Their Duties?

Gynecologic Oncologists are physicians who have advanced training in gynecology and oncology and specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers in the female reproductive organs. These specialists are experienced in the treatment of gynecologic cancers with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The duties of gynecologic oncologists include:

• Early diagnosis of gynecological cancers
• Creation and management of cancer treatment plan
• Performing surgical interventions
• Management of chemotherapy and radiotherapy processes
• Monitoring patients and improving their quality of life

What Diseases Does Gynecological Oncology Cover?

The Gynecologic Oncology department covers a variety of cancers that develop in the female reproductive organs. These cancers include:

• Endometrial Cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the tissue lining the inner wall of the uterus (endometrium). It is usually seen in postmenopausal women. The most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding. When diagnosed early, the chance of treatment is high.
• Cervical Cancer: Cancer that develops in the lower part of the uterus, in the area that opens into the vagina. It is mostly associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. Early diagnosis is possible with regular smear tests. It can be prevented with the HPV vaccine.
• Ovarian Cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the ovaries and is usually diagnosed in advanced stages. Symptoms are usually vague and include complaints such as abdominal swelling and pelvic pain. It is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers due to the difficulty of early diagnosis.
• Vulvar Cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the external genital organs (vulva). It is usually seen in older ages. Itching, pain, bleeding or visible changes in the vulva are among the symptoms.
• Vaginal Cancer: A very rare type of cancer that starts in the vaginal wall. It can show symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, painful intercourse. HPV infection is one of the risk factors.
• Fallopian Tube Cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. It is often treated in the same way as ovarian cancer or in a similar way. Its symptoms are often similar to ovarian cancer.

Each of these types of cancer can improve quality of life and survival rates with early detection and appropriate treatment. Regular gynecological exams and screening tests are crucial for early detection.

What are Gynecological Oncology Examinations?

Gynecological Oncology examinations include various tests used in the diagnosis of female reproductive organ cancers.

• Pap Smear Test: Used to screen for cervical cancer.
• Pelvic Exam: A physical examination of the reproductive organs.
• Transvaginal Ultrasonography: Imaging of the ovaries and uterine lining.
• Biopsy: Examining the presence of cancer by taking samples from suspicious tissues.
• Blood Tests: Measuring levels of tumor markers.
• Imaging Tests: MRI, CT, and PET scans are used to determine the spread of cancer.

What Methods Are Used in Gynecological Oncology Treatments?

Gynecologic Oncology treatments vary depending on the type of cancer, its stage, and the patient's overall health.

• Surgical Treatment: Surgery to remove cancerous tissue, such as hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries).
• Chemotherapy: Drug treatment to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
• Radiotherapy: The use of radiation to target cancerous tissue.
• Hormone Therapy: Used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers.
• Targeted Therapy: Treatments that target specific features of cancer cells.

When Should You Go to the Gynecological Oncology Department?

The Gynecological Oncology department should be consulted in the following cases:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
• Pain or a feeling of pressure in the pelvic area
• Swelling or discoloration of the external genitalia
• Pain while urinating or frequent urination
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Unexplained weight loss or decreased appetite

What is Done During a Gynecological Oncology Examination?

During a Gynecological Oncology examination, the following steps are generally followed:

• Obtaining a detailed medical history: Information is collected about the patient's past health status, family history and current complaints.
• Physical examination and pelvic examination: General health status is evaluated and the reproductive organs are palpated.
• Pap smear test: A cell sample is taken from the cervix to examine for abnormal cell changes.
• If necessary, colposcopy: The cervix and vagina are examined in detail with a magnifying device.
• Transvaginal ultrasound: Internal reproductive organs are visualized with an ultrasound performed vaginally.
• Blood tests (including tumor markers): Blood analysis is performed to assess general health status and possible cancer markers.
• Biopsy when necessary: Samples are taken from suspicious tissues and microscopic examination is performed.