Geriatrics (Elderly Health)

What is Geriatrics (Older Age Health and Diseases) and What Diseases Does It Cover?

Geriatrics is a special branch of medicine that deals with the health problems of older individuals. This field aims to improve, protect and treat the physical, mental and social health of people aged 65 and over. According to the 2021 report of the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 9.3% of the world's population is aged 65 and over, and this rate is expected to increase to 16% by 2050. This demographic change is increasingly increasing the importance of the field of geriatrics.

About the Geriatrics Department

The department of geriatrics adopts a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex process of aging and the special needs of older individuals. With the increasing elderly population, the department of geriatrics is becoming increasingly important. This department provides diagnosis and treatment of physical, mental and social problems that arise due to the aging process. Geriatric specialists work to improve the general health of elderly patients and increase their quality of life.

• Management of chronic diseases,
• Optimization of drug treatments,
• Preservation of cognitive and physical functions,
• Specializes in improving the quality of life.

Who is a Geriatrics Specialist and What Are Their Duties?

A geriatrician is a physician who specializes in the health problems of older adults. These specialists receive additional training in geriatrics after completing a residency in internal medicine or family medicine.

• Conducting a comprehensive geriatric assessment,
• Managing multiple drug use (polypharmacy),
• Assess and prevent the risk of falling,
• Diagnosing and treating cognitive disorders such as dementia and delirium,
• Assess and improve nutritional status.

What Diseases Does Geriatrics Cover?

The geriatrics department covers many diseases commonly seen in elderly individuals.

• Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: These are diseases characterized by progressive deterioration in brain functions, causing memory loss and difficulties in daily living activities.
• Osteoporosis: A skeletal system disease characterized by decreased bone density and increased fragility, increasing the risk of fractures.
• Cardiovascular Diseases: These are diseases that affect the heart and vascular system and can lead to serious consequences such as heart attack and stroke.
• Diabetes: It is a metabolic disease characterized by deterioration in blood sugar control, which can cause various organ complications.
• Depression: It is a mental health disorder that is common in the elderly and causes long-term sadness, loss of interest and a decrease in quality of life.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A chronic lung disease characterized by narrowing of the airways and damage to lung tissue, causing shortness of breath.

What are Geriatric Examinations?

Geriatric examinations involve comprehensive examinations to assess the general health status of older individuals.

• Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGD): It is a multidisciplinary assessment process that addresses the medical, psychological and social status of the elderly individual in a holistic manner. It examines physical health, mental status, daily living activities and social support systems.
• Cognitive Function Tests: These are tests that evaluate mental abilities such as memory, attention, and problem solving. Dementia and other cognitive disorders are screened using scales such as the Mini-Mental State Examination.
• Functional Status Assessment: Measures the ability to independently perform activities of daily living (dressing, eating, bathing, etc.). Scales such as the Katz Index can be used.
• Fall Risk Assessment: A physical and environmental assessment to determine an older adult's risk of falling. It may include balance tests, muscle strength measurements, and home safety checks.

What Methods Are Used in Geriatric Treatments?

Geriatric treatments are generally multidisciplinary and personalized.

• Optimization of drug therapy
• Physical activity and rehabilitation
• Cognitive stimulation therapy
• Nutritional support

When Should You Go to the Geriatrics Department?

The ideal time to consult a geriatric specialist may vary from person to person, but in general, the following people should consult a geriatrician:

• Individuals over 65 years of age and those with multiple chronic diseases
• Those experiencing unexplained weight loss or decreased appetite
• Those who have frequent falls and balance problems
• Those who notice a decline in cognitive functions
• Those who have difficulty in daily living activities

What is Done During a Geriatric Examination?

During a geriatric examination, the patient's general health status is evaluated in detail.

• Taking a Comprehensive Medical History: Detailed information about the patient's current health status, medications, and lifestyle is collected.
• Physical Examination: General health status, blood pressure, heart and lung sounds are checked.
• Cognitive Assessment: Tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination are administered.
• Functional Status Assessment: It evaluates how independently the patient can perform daily living activities.
• Mood Assessment: Symptoms of depression and anxiety are investigated.
• Nutritional Status Assessment: Height, weight and body mass index are measured, and nutritional habits are questioned.
• Medication Review: All medications used and their possible interactions are evaluated.
• Fall Risk Assessment: Balance and walking tests are performed.